The main problem in the utilization of bran into rice bran oil is easy to rancid because of the high lipase enzyme content. The preheating process on the bran using an oven serves to inactivate the lipase enzyme and increase oil yield. Aim this research is to find out the effect of preheating temperature and preheating time on physical properties (yield, color, and melting point) and chemical properties (free fatty acid, antioxidant activity, phenol levels, and fatty acid profiles) crude black rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Mutiara. The experimental design used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with of two factors, the temperature and time heating. The research were analyzed using One Way Anova with significance level α = 0,05. The research showed variations in temperature and pre heating time significant effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of crude black rice bran oil. The preliminary heating treatment at 110°C for 10 minutes is the best treatment. The physical characteristics of yield 9,62%, color is obtained value L* 33,70, a* 2,99, b* 1,08, and whiteness degree 33,62 and melting point 28,50-34,50°C. Chemical characteristics free fatty acid level 18,43%, antioxidant activity 76,69%, and phenol level 0,46%. The fatty acid profiles selected black rice bran oil cultivar Mutiara is myristoleic acid 0,44%, palmitoleic acid 20,04%, elaidic acid 2,01%, linoleic acid 34,91%, linolelaidic acid 0,32%, γ-linolenic acid 38,37%, α-linolenic acid 2,88%, eicosanoic acid 0,65%, and eicosadienoic acid 0,38%. Based on these results, black rice bran oil is suitable for use as cooking oil and oleogel which is applied to fat and oil based spread products.

Plants are a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds which are among the most important natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of flavonoid, total phenolic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial compounds from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum by the Maceration method. To do so, independent variables including temperature, extraction time, and type of solvent along with Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used. The results of single optimization of the independent variables showed the highest flavonoid content (15. 19 mg/g) with 100% desirability at an extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest total phenolic content (16. 96 mg/g) with 99. 96% desirability was observed at an extraction time of 26 h, a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The highest amount of antioxidant compounds (3. 03 mg/g) or the lowest IC50 value (mg/mL) with 100% desirability was found at an extraction time of 48 h at a temperature of 60 °C by using ethanol solvent. The results of simultaneous optimization of the extraction conditions by Maceration method showed the highest flavonoid content (15. 20 mg/g), total phenolic content (16. 01 mg/g), and the lowest IC50 (3. 03 mg/mL) with 98. 157% desirability at extraction time of 48 h, the temperature of 60 °C using ethanol solvent. The highest mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of G. lucidum extract obtained by the Maceration method were 2500 and 5000 μg/mL, respectively against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia E. coli. The predicted optimized treatment had superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a non-growth halo (Zone of inhibition) diameter of 10. 60 mm as compared to C. perfringens and E. coli. The results revealed that the G. lucidum extract obtained by the Maceration method could be introduced as an antioxidant and antimicrobial source in marketable food products.

Ferulago angulata is a plant known for its phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the flavonoid content antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of F. angulata extract obtained through Maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Optimal extraction conditions for flavonoid content were determined. The Maceration method yielded the highest flavonoid content (276.45 µg QE/ml) with 4 hours of extraction, 250 rpm stirring speed, and 100% ethanol solvent. The ultrasound-assisted method achieved maximum flavonoid content (375.12 µg QE/ml) with 15 minutes of extraction, 140 rpm stirring speed, and 100% ethanol solvent. The Maceration extraction method showed the largest inhibition zone diameter, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium, indicating strong antibacterial activity. The smallest inhibition zone diameter was observed against Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium. The extraction method significantly influenced the antibacterial properties of the extracts. These findings contribute to understanding the potential applications of F. angulata as a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents.

Rhynchotechum ellipticum, locally known as Cheodhima, Paicha, or Sattari, is a traditional medicinal plant used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the neuropharmacological effects of R. ellipticum leaf and stem extracts in Swiss albino mice. In the thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, mice received different doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, while 50 and 125 mg/kg body weight were used in other examinations. In trials examining the effects of thiopental sodium on sleep, administration of the extracts caused a marked reduction in the amount of time spent sleeping and the time needed to fall asleep (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). Additionally, at doses of 50 and 125 mg/kg, a significant decrease in unrestricted movement and exploratory behavior was observed in both the hole-crossing and open-field tests (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). The hole-board test also decreased the frequency of head dips at doses of 50 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001). Both extracts demonstrated superior neuropharmacological properties at a dose of 125 mL/kg. The leaf and stem extracts of R. ellipticum have potent anti-depressant and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system, and could be utilized in neuropharmacology as an additional therapy.